antigens after influenza vaccination.antigens was studied before and 2 weeks after trivalent influenza vaccination of 16 healthy persons. Changes in serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers were also determined. An inverse correlation was found between the prevaccination antibody titers and the log2 mean-fold increase in antibody titers after vaccination (r = -0.86, P less than 0.01). An inverse correlation was also found between the prevaccination stimulation index and the ratio of postvaccination to prevaccination stimulation index for each virus strain (A/Victoria, r = -0.48, P less than 0.05; A/USSR, r = -0.55, P less than 0.02; and B/Hong Kong, r = -0.55, P less than 0.02). Similar negative correlations were not consistently found with the nonspecific mitogens phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and concanavalin A. These results suggest that the state of cellular as well as humoral immunity to virus antigens before vaccination influence the magnitude of response after vaccination and that antigen-specific suppressor cell activity may be stimulated with 5-10% of healthy people failing to produce protective levels of antibodies. Several factors have been implicated in determining this response, chiefly individual genetic variation and age. Aiming to identify genes involved in the response to hepatitis B vaccination, a two-stage investigation of 6091 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 914 immune genes was performed in an Indonesian cohort of 981 individuals showing normal levels of anti-HBs versus 665 individuals displaying undetectable levels of anti-HBs 18 months after initial dose of the vaccine. Of 275 SNPs identified in the first stage (476 normal/372 nonresponders) with P<0.05, significant associations were replicated for 25 polymorphisms in 15 genes (503 normal/295 nonresponders). We validated previous findings (HLA-DRA, rs5000563, P-value combined=5. 57 x 10(-10); OR (95%CI)=0.61 (0.52-0.71)). In addition, we detected a new association outside of the human leukocyte antigen loci region that passed correction for multiple testing. This SNP is in the 3' downstream region of FOXP1, a transcription factor involved in B-cell development (P-value combined=9.2 x 10(-6); OR (95%CI)=1. 38 (1.2-1.6)).These findings might help to understand the biological reasons behind vaccine failure and other aspects of variation in the immune responses of healthy contained either killed bacterial cells shrouded with pseudocapsules or toxoided beta haemolysin, together with various adjuvants. Circulating antibody responses were monitored using an ELISA (anti-pseudo-capsule responses) and an anti-beta haemolysin assay. Combining a killed cell/pseudocapsule/dextran sulphate (DXS) vaccine and the toxoid vaccine did not cause any diminution of antibody responses compared with separate injection of the two preparations. Addition of calcium phosphate to DXS as an adjuvant for the combined vaccine did not extend the duration of anti-pseudocapsule responses compared with those obtained with dextran sulphate alone. Nor was there any benefit in terms of durability of the response by increasing the amount of DXS: doses of DXS of 10-20 mg/kg liveweight provoked significantly higher peak responses but caused acute clinical reactions at the vaccination site and did not prolong the antibody response. In contrast, the combined vaccine given with DXS and emulsified in Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA) resulted in a large anti-pseudocapsule response with elevated levels of antibody being sustained for at least one year; there was a significant IgG2 anti-pseudocapsule response in animals receiving the vaccine with DXS and FIA. In the above experiments, 10(10) pseudocapsule-shrouded bacterial cells were used in the vaccine. Reducing b5 vitamins benefits of cells to 10(9) caused a slightly reduced anti-pseudocapsule response (not significant) whereas increasing the concentration to 10(11) did not increase the response.botulism. I. The effectiveness of enteral revaccination]. Soobshchenie I. Effektivnost' énteral'noĭ revaktsinatsii.the absence of pathological conditions or deliberate immunizations. vitamin b5 side effects of nAbs in germ- and antigen-free mice suggest that their production is driven, at least in part, by self-antigens.
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